The affect of the Mexican Revolution Essay Example for Free

The affect of the Mexican Revolution Essay Francisco Bollain y Goitia Garcia (1882-1960) is a prominent Mexican artists of the XX century, who has been almost forgotten for decades and is now rediscovered. His works are rather complicated for perception and they can hardly be called pleasant, for Goitia concentrated on the most homely aspects of the world around him, demonstrating the fatality of revolution and violent changes in the most shocking way. This paper is to investigate two of his famous paintings – Zacatecas Landscape with Hanged Men I and Zacatecas Landscape with Hanged Men II. The paper is to demonstrate the style and manner of painting, as well as compare those pictures with works of other Mexican painters of the time such as Jose Clemente Orozco and Victor Augustin Cassasola. Some biographical data about Goitia is necessary to understand his works, so the paper shall open with a short biographic reference about the artist. Francisco Goitia was born in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. Being a talented artist since his early years he studied in the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City and than in Barcelona with the Spanish artist Francisco Gali. Upon return to his home country in 1912 he has found it being wasted by the revolution. Having occupied the position of official painter for General Angel of Pancho Villas army he had an ability to observe war and it’s consequences with his own eyes. The experience influenced Goitia’s works greatly and his paintings are now examples of uncovered brutality and dread. There were even claims that Goitia ordered to exhume executed soldiers and hang them on cactuses as models for his pictures so it is hard to say how much in his paintings comes from real facts and how much from artificial staging of his morbid fantasies. Goitia has never worked with monumental forms so characteristic for Mexican art of the time. His canvases remained inside realism, impressionism and to a great extent symbolism, so he never became so popular as Diego Rivera or Jose Orozco. His last years passed in self-imposed poverty, but still he was quite a famous painter inside Mexico since early 20-s. In recent years his works became of interest for scholars outside Mexico as well. Both landscapes of Zacatecas (I and II) were painted most probably in 1914, although the exact date is unknown. They are both variations about the same topic: a bleak depressive landscape with half-dissolved corpses of hanged men on the trees. Both pictures were drawn from nature. Goitia knew this terrain well since he himself was born in Zacatecas, so he takes almost an intimate and affected position towards the scene. The landscape is typical for northern Mexico – it includes grey and yellow desert land with hills on the horizon and yuccas growing everywhere. The men hanged on the trees seem to their parts – so â€Å"naturally† they are tied to the branches. Most of the researchers point biblical analogies in the first painting for the landscape is so bleak that it reminds Golgotha. The analogy becomes even stronger for Goitia called his series of paintings about revolution â€Å"martyrdoms†. Goitia has been in the army of Pancho Villa in 1914 when he has captured the capital city of Zacatecas. Being both fascinated and frightened by that what he has seen he started feeling that his mission was to record the epic events of the revolution for history. As he himself put it â€Å"I went everywhere with the army, observing. I did not carry any weapons because I knew that the mission of killing was not mine† . Among the things Goitia has witnessed was death of general Lazaro Gomez, who has been repulsing enemy attacks auntill he ran out of ammunition and shot to his back after being taken prisoner. The body of the general has been beheaded and hanged on a tree with his head replaced with the head of a steer. It is believed that exactly death of Gomez inspired Goitia to paint his Zacatecas Landscape with Hanged Men I, although he used bodies of simple soldiers as â€Å"models†. So the first variant of the painting can really be considered a record of actual events, although Goitia did not concentrate on the death of a particular man, but aimed to show the series of deaths in Zacatecas. The most obvious difference between two variants of paintings is the manner in which they are drawn and involvement of the spectator. Zacatecas I still looks like a â€Å"real† classical painting with obvious elements attributable to artistic form including shape, symmetry, movement and rhythm. The background plays an active role in the picture and the bodies of the hanged look simply like the bodies of the hanged. They are horrible and shocking, but at least â€Å"natural†. Perhaps Goitia was not satisfied with the artistic effect of the first painting, so in the second variant he made it more impressive and less realistic . This was necessary to strike the audience in the necessary way. In the second painting two dead bodies are absolute centre of the compositions, and their empty eyeholes are pointed directly ad the spectator, as if they were looking at him. The position of the bodies creates an impression of surrealistic â€Å"gates† to the dreadful reality of death and grief. Death and it’s triumph are key points of the picture. The first variant is painted with oil on canvas and the second one looks more like a touchy pencil drawing, which has later been colored. To make his second painting even more symbolic Goitia replaced usual terrain of Zacatecas with surrealistic vision of deadly symbolism. In Zacatecas Landscape with Hanged Men II the trees seem to come out from gothic descriptions of Poe as they are gnarled and lifeless being painted with pale cold colors. Skulls of animals on the ground once more stress that death is a true master of the stage. The only living creatures on the second painting are owls – traditional symbols of night and forerunners of death. They create a ghostly atmosphere of the scene. Bodies are waved to different sides paralleling the braches they hang on, so they seem to be blown by different winds. White sun in the grey skies creates an image of omen. The general impression from the first picture is that Goitia painted that what he has seen and the second picture is undoubtedly a manifesto of his views, in which he tried to impress the observers by shocking view of horrifying images. As it has been already mentioned, the paintings belong to Goitia’s revolutionary period when he worked as a painter of Mexican federal army. The revolution in Mexico lasted from 1910 till 1917. Some scholars believe that Cristero rebellion of 1926-1929 was also a part of the revolution, so revolutionary events lasted in Mexico for almost two decades. Goitia’s paintings are images of that what virtually every Mexican of the time has once experienced, and this is perhaps the main reason why Goitia is so popular in Mexico and less famous outside its borders. It is hard to say for sure whether Goitia was an active supporter of the revolution or just followed the army as a chronicler. His later memoirs seem to support the second point of view – Goitia remained an artist but not a revolutionary throughout his travels after the army. The manner of paintings and their impression also correspond to the version. He has never painted any picture in which he would admire revolution, but both paintings seem rather to blame its barbarity. The manner of Goitia’s painting reminds the most famous apocalyptic pictures such as Triumph of Death by Peter Breugel, descriptions of war by Goya or Picasso’s Guernica. Most of the revolutionary painters glorify its triumphs and view it as a way to the new world. Goitia has chosen to demonstrate the horrifying â€Å"side effects† of progressive social upheavals. This was enough for him to be considered one of the sharpest critics of revolution in art. He explained that: â€Å"You see that it is natural that circumstances have made my temperament more inclined to the profound. There is a great deal of sadness in this country and I have tried to sum a certain phase of it† . Such Goitia’s insights are rather unusual for Mexico of the time, where revolution became almost a national idea, reflected in numerous artworks. This includes frescos by Diego Rivera or monumental modernist paintings of Jose Clemente Orozco. Mexican artists of the time shared different views of the revolution but there was one common thing for all of them – for them revolution was a magnificent event, a high tide of spirit and will, but in no way a vision of death and destruction. For example Diego Rivera was an incandescent Trotskyist, absolutizing the idea of global revolution and idealizing Trotsky as its dramatic leader. Orozco is a more complicated case for he was interested more in changes that revolution would cause in human minds and in the society. Still his art stands closer to the supporters of revolution as he used expressive modernist techniques being a revolutionary artist by his mere nature. And another common point of Rivera and Orozco is that they both are working with â€Å"objective reality† using artistic means to make the spectator impressed by this reality . In contrast, Goitia’s paintings are full of his own attitudes and they allow the spectator to make his. Revolutionary artists provided only one view, Goitia allowed the audience to chose. Although it is hard to find a â€Å"colleague† for Goitia between painters, such â€Å"colleague† still existed among photographers. Augustin Casasola in fact worked for the newspapers, but he would remain a usual reporter in case his pictures were not full of artistic sense, making them close to Goitia’s graphic works. As the revolution spread along Mexico Casasola established his own agency to provide home and foreign press with photographs of the event. Working as an independent photographer he was able to use his talent in full. he concentrated on all aspects of the revolution showing both victories and, like Goitia, the unattractive sides. He has also gathered a large collection of images of revolutionary individuals – from officers to peasants in their surroundings. Like Goitia his manner has been characterized by psychological dramatics and involvement of the spectator to the picture . Warlike and revolutionary art is always popular because there are always lots of people who are ready to admire the triumph of spirit and epic deeds. Less popular is art that shows the another side of war and revolution – death and destruction. To show this side the painter needs to be much more talented and avoid being just a thrilling entertainment. For this reason only a few painters became great after painting atrocities of war. Goitia is perhaps not so famous as Goya, but his works are deeply original.For this reason he is now being rediscovered and investigated by art historians worldwide. Works Cited: 1. Dore Ashton. (1999) Mexican Art of the Twentieth Century. In The 20th Century Art Book. ed. by Editors of Phaidon Press 2. Jacqueline Barnitz (2001) Twentieth-Century Art of Latin America University of Texas Press 3. Latin American Painting available at: http://www. chicagomanualofstyle. org/tools_citationguide. html (last accessed: November 19, 2007) 4. Viva Casasola! http://emiliobrizzi. blogspot. com/2007/03/viva-casasola. html (last accessed: November 19, 2007)

Benefits of Management Studies

Benefits of Management Studies 1. WHAT IS MANAGEMENT? What is management? Management is defined as the process of overseeing and coordinating the activities of other people effectively and efficiently to accomplish the goals of the organization. According to Mary Parker Follett, management is described as the art of getting things done through people, which captures the human dimension of management. During processing management by administering and coordinating works, functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are carried out by using organizational resources. Management is important in existing the organization to achieve the purpose. 2. WHO ARE MANAGERS? What should we call to a person who have administrative and leadership skills? The answer is a manager. Manager is defined as a person who is responsible for overseeing and coordinating the work performance of the organizational members. Hence, managers are required to carry out planning, organizing, leading, and controlling in accomplishment of the goal of organization. According to their scope of responsibility or managerial levels, they are able to know roles, skills and time allocation. 3. WHAT IS AN ORGANIZATION? How about organization? Organization is a managerial context which the management occurs. Yet, organization is defined as a group of organizational members who are responsible to accomplish the same goals. Moreover, organization is a systematic arrangement made up of individuals which is responsible for profit of organization. They should be directed by managers so that the target of the organization can be achieved. Organization would not exist if a specific purpose for the organization did not be targeted. 4. WHY STUDY MANAGEMENT? 4.1 To Study Leadership In learning business, leadership will be studied by students to manage employees in an organization in the future. Leadership is the most important skills for a manager. As managers can possess their strong leadership capabilities, they can lead their employees during the changing of environmental and organizational condition. Therefore, effectiveness and efficiency of activities can be achieved for organizational success. Furthermore, managers would examine the background of their employees and direct the suitable activities for them. Thus, the employee morale would be gained and boosted to achieve the common goal. 4.2 To Increase Teamwork By doing assignment of business studies in college, students will be divided into groups by lecturer due to working and helping among each members in the same group. As the students learnt the importance of teamwork, they can analyze the personalities of others at work in the future. This can reduce the conflict among managers and employees. In fact, teamwork is needed in teams which are segmented by departments nowadays in order to complete their organizational goals. Instead of achieving the higher goal, manager would duel with the others interests in teamwork peacefully. 4.3 To Improve Knowledge In order to run and maintain a business well, students should learn the basic principles of management in those text books. Thus, students will be educated in fact knew more about the managerial roles, skills, and functions when they are working in business or become the manager in the future. Moreover, a good management education is needed in interviewing for an upper-level position. Besides working, principles can be brought into life by giving real life examples to student. Hence, students may learn to manage everything effectively and efficiently in life for the promotion of effective practices in the future. 4.4 To Accelerate Productivity In learning management, students will know how to plan, organize, lead, and control in fact learn to get a productive results on the proper time. Soon, they could know to divide employees into many teams with different roles so that the business would run effectively and efficiently. This is because managers may become productive when they are coordinated in teamwork by discussing those issues and correcting or improving them. Therefore, when the department carries out a new concept, managers can direct strategies with increased productivity and improve their business. 4.5 To Plan Future Of Organization In studying business, students could learn to know rewards and challenges in business. This is important for them to be performed in a dynamic work place where can provide profits and losses for a manager. They would learn to duel with a variety of personalities and to face the uncertainties in the future. Although challenges made managers difficult to motivate works, they could overcome them by gaining or improving rewards. By using their creativity with the help of their knowledge, skills and experiences, they would plan to be rewarded by nurturing the employees work performance in order to achieve the organizational target. 5. CONCLUSION 5.1 Review Clearly, studying management gives advantages to students who will become a manager one day. Students will be educated in studying leadership, increasing teamwork, improving knowledge, accelerating productivity, and planning future for organization. By learning these skills through management, a manager can complete his performance effectively and efficiently to accomplish his organizational goal. Management is being important nowadays because it had been universalized, which means management is needed in organizations, organizational levels, organizational work areas, and size of organization in every countries. 5.2 Reflection Learning in business can improve our management education which can lead us to become an effective manager. So, I hope that students would take course in learning business studies due to the universality of management. Therefore, everyone could work together to increase the improvement and balance the sector of economics. In fact, I hope that everyone would use their creativity widely to complete their works effectively and efficiently in order to accomplish their organizational goals. Hence, this can produce a productive manager in fact improve his countrys image.

Baby Boomers Essay -- History, Generation X, Generation Y

I believe that all four of the generations in the work place can work together without having any conflicts. Many professional facilities and companies have people of different age groups working together in the same field. There are many articles written by different people who say that studies show that there are many conflicts between the generations, while working together. The four different types of generations are the veterans, the baby boomers, the generation X, and the generation Y. I will talk of all their important characteristics and compare and contrast their qualities based on work ethics, education, and multi-tasking. First of all, â€Å"the oldest generation in the work place is the veterans†. (Tanner, 2011) They were born between the years of 1922 and 1943. They are also known by different names, some of these are: â€Å"greatest generation, loyalists, and the traditionalists†. (Tanner, 2011) People that were born in this generation lived through the great depression and even World War II. â€Å"As a result, this generation values sacrifice, hard work, conformity to rules, and respect for authority†. (Tanner, 2011) The veterans are also very loyal to their employers. The veterans are very big believers in the fact that whatever you do, is what you get out of life. They also believe that â€Å"rewards, status, respect, and authority must be earned†. (Tanner, 2011) Studies have shown that to work most efficient with veterans, make sure that you show them that you admire their experience and respect their thoughts and â€Å"norms of courteous behavior†. ( Tanner, 2011) â€Å"The second oldest generation in the work place is the baby boomers†. (Tanner, 2011) This generation was born between the years of 1943 and 1960. The baby boome... ...r people say that the older generations just want plain obedience. In reality â€Å"everyone wants to be heard, have input and be respect.† (Mueller, 2011) Some older generations complain of Millenials. They say that they just expect to be praised or rewarded just for showing up at work. It is absolutely important to remember that â€Å"generational differences don’t replace individual differences† (Mueller, 2011). It is important for every manager to conduct an interview before hiring any worker. There, the manager can explain to the employee what he is expected to do on the job and also the employee can have the opportunity to ask any questions he may have on the position he is assuming. I really believe that every one of these four generations can work together effectively with just a little patience, respect, and open-mindedness. How many generations do you work with?

Teen Peer Pressure Causes Drinking and Driving Essay -- Peer Pressure

An average of one teen dies each hour in a car crash in the United States, and nearly 50 percent of those crashes involve alcohol, according to the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration (NHSTA). Alcohol is the drug most widely abused by teens. Alcohol abuse occurs among all geographic, ethnic and racial groups. Teens easily succumb to peer pressure when deciding whether or not to use alcohol. Unfortunately, they lack the coping and judgment skills necessary to handle alcohol wisely. There are an estimated 3.3 million teen-age alcoholics in the United States. Adolescents who begin drinking before age 15 are four times more likely to develop alcoholism than those who begin drinking at age 21. Youth who drink alcohol are five times more likely to smoke cigarettes, four times more likely to smoke marijuana and three times more likely to use an illicit drug. Teens that use alcohol tend to become sexually active at earlier ages. Teens who use alcohol are more likely to be victims of violent crimes such as aggravated assault, robbery or rape. The use of alcohol by adolescen... Teen Peer Pressure Causes Drinking and Driving Essay -- Peer Pressure An average of one teen dies each hour in a car crash in the United States, and nearly 50 percent of those crashes involve alcohol, according to the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration (NHSTA). Alcohol is the drug most widely abused by teens. Alcohol abuse occurs among all geographic, ethnic and racial groups. Teens easily succumb to peer pressure when deciding whether or not to use alcohol. Unfortunately, they lack the coping and judgment skills necessary to handle alcohol wisely. There are an estimated 3.3 million teen-age alcoholics in the United States. Adolescents who begin drinking before age 15 are four times more likely to develop alcoholism than those who begin drinking at age 21. Youth who drink alcohol are five times more likely to smoke cigarettes, four times more likely to smoke marijuana and three times more likely to use an illicit drug. Teens that use alcohol tend to become sexually active at earlier ages. Teens who use alcohol are more likely to be victims of violent crimes such as aggravated assault, robbery or rape. The use of alcohol by adolescen...

Comparing Ageing in A Crabbit Old Woman and My Grandmother Essay

Ageing in A Crabbit Old Woman and My Grandmother The two poems, 'A Crabbit Old Woman' and 'My Grandmother' portray the experience of ageing in very different ways. In 'A Crabbit Old Woman' the poem is written from the old woman's perspective when 'My Grandmother is written from the narrator's point of view. The beginning of the poem 'The Crabbit Old Woman' starts when the woman is old in a nursing home and she is expressing her annoyance at the nurses. "What do you see, nurses? When you're looking at me." The old woman then tells us about each stage and change of her life. When she does she uses brief descriptions in the short line. "A bride now at twenty My heart gives a leap" This suggests that she seems regretful that life has passed so quickly and she had wished she had stopped at the time to enjoy what she had. During, and at the end of the poem a variation of the following lines is repeated: "Is that what your thinking, Is that what you see? Then open your eyes, You're not looking at me." This draws in the attention because it is like the poet is really asking the reader the question, and gives the reader a chance to think about what has just been said. The tone changes frequently during the poem, even when she is describing the life she loved there are a few lines that almost seem to bring the fantasy back ... ...s is probably because I had though that girls would be more sympathetic and understanding to their Grandmothers. I know this is isn't fair and rather discriminating but I just got the feeling that the narrator was a boy. In conclusion, these two poems portray old age as a time in your life when your quality of life deteriorates. 'The Crabbit Old Woman' tells us about how the old women feels about herself and the people who are around her and look after her. On the other hand 'My Grandmother' tells us how the people around an old woman view her and her ways. After reading these poems I feel that I will look at old people in a different way from now on, and realise they that they were all my age once.

Police Accountability Essay

Police Officer Accountability is policy practice biggest thing. An officer is accountable for the community, the department, and themselves (Peak, 2012). An officer action is an accountability which can bring on more strain and concern that might get in the way of the officer’s split decision making when an officer is involved in a pursuit, the officer must keep in mind the public safety, as well as the safety of the suspect, and when he arrest the suspect he should make sure that he abide by the law and to make sure that the reason for the pursuit is but in the report for court. The ramifications would be making sure his accountability is successful or take responsibility if something tragic happens. An example of a specific situation where officer accountability for his actions that would affect his decision making in enforcing the law would be: An officer is sitting in a store parking lot and he sees a car speeding through the parking lot heading in the direction of people who are going in and out of the store. The car runs over one of the people and keeps going. The officer takes off behind the car and pulls it over. The officer gets of his car and walk to the driver side of the car, as he approach the car and starts to ask the driver for his license and registration he notice that it is one of his fellow officer and he is extremely intoxicated. The off duty officer asks him to let him go with a warning not realizing that the reason he was pulled over was because he just ran someone over. If the officer who is on duty lets him go he would be held accountable because he would taking a risk by letting him continue to drive and risk him harming someone else or himself. The officer arrests his fellow officer so he can be held accountable for his unlawful actions.

Carphone warehouse Essay

Introduction Carphone warehouse is a mobile phone retailer founded in 1989 in an era when phones were too bulky, hence being referred to as carphones. It’s based in UK and has over 1700 stores across Europe. Outside the United Kingdom and Ireland, the company carries on its business under the name phone house. Carphone warehouse did its initial public offering at the main market of the London stock exchange (Great Britain et. al, 2011). There has been tremendous growth in the business and this has resulted to Carphone opening many branches at home and also in Western Europe. Ways of improving operations at Carphone warehouse In its quest to provide modern services to its customers and the staffs in general, carphone warehouse has embarked on going back to the drawing board to ensure they have many of the latest mobile technologies. The strategy by this company to utilize smart technology in its stores has attracted a lot of attention and many shoppers are flocking their shops. The younger generation is so much obsessed with smart technology; the large workforce of carphone is mainly the younger generation. This strategy is very good as it portrays a positive image to those shopping in its stores (summers, 1998). Carphone partners with many well performing companies together with which they do business. By using this strategy they enhance their market position and this puts them ahead of the game. Recently it announced a possible partnership with Samsung which will see up to 60 standalone stores open across Europe. The company is well endowed with technology and many of their staffs are well equipped with the latest technology. According to the latest statistics from the stores, they have rolled out over 5000 tablets to members of their staff across all stores which is now seen as the single biggest digital workforce. The CEO of the company said in one of the tabloids that they put technology at the heart of what they do, and so practice what they preach. Carphone warehouse needs to undertake several measures to improve their business. To get at the top does not require much effort than to remain there. This company should evaluate their pricing; this should be done first by evaluating what the customer think about their prices. They should come up with prices that are not way too high out of business neither too low to bring a burden of cash flow shortage (Greasley, 1999). They should also have prices and commodities for all classes of people, both high end customers and the common shoppers. This will help bring up the profitability of the company. Carphone warehouse needs to improve on their weak spots.   There were criticism and accusation that they were slamming to win new customers, customers alleged that when they bought phones on this store their landlines accounts were subsequently switched off without their consent, a scenario like this will portray bad picture on this company. The company needs to improve their corporate image by coming with better ways of public image (Greasley, 1999). The company should also explore new markets by improving their marketing. Venturing into new demographic areas will help the company to increase its clientele which in the long run will boost sales. Carphone should spread their wings even in Eastern Europe or even in other continents. Involvement of employees in the business is vital for the growth. Although carphone has improved in this aspect by digitalizing their staff, employees should be motivated to be brand ambassadors of the company. Being up to date with the current trends in the technology will also help the company to compete actively and increase their sales. References Greasley, A. (1999). Operations management in business. Cheltenham: S. Thornes. Summers, M. R. (1998). Analyzing operations in business: Issues, tools, and techniques. Westport, Conn: Quorum Books. Great Britain., Freeman, P., & Saunders, D. (2011). The Carphone Warehouse Group plc v   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Office of Communications Case 1111/3/3/09: